Tony Rocchi

Tony Rocchi12.06.2024

The recent elections to the European Parliament showed that both far right and right-wing and conservative parties made big gains. The 720 members of the parliament generally belong to European-wide parties consisting of national parties grouped along ideological lines. Media have focused on the gains made by the far-right Identity and Democracy party and the […]

Tony Rocchi30.05.2024

The Reign of Terror in 1793-1794 remains the most controversial chapter of the French Revolution. Historians are still arguing if the terror of the Jacobin government was an aberration—something gone tragically wrong—or whether the terror was the logical result of the violent and intolerant sentiments expressed by revolutionaries in the early stage of the revolution […]

Tony Rocchi26.05.2024

The French Revolution was the greatest revolution and civil war that took place in a series of revolutions, civil wars, and national-liberation wars that began with the revolution in Geneva Switzerland in 1768 and finished with the final defeat of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. The wave of revolutions and […]

Tony Rocchi18.05.2024

Just how unique was the French Revolution of 1789-1799? Revolutions, uprisings, revolutionary wars, and other upheavals took place in many countries in Europe and the world beginning with a revolution in Geneva Switzerland in 1768 and ending with the overthrow of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815. Revolutions have many points of similarities, but the French […]

Tony Rocchi13.05.2024

Part 1. Comparing the Russian Revolutions of 1905-1907 and 1917-1922 to other revolutions in different countries and regions has its risks. In general, it is safest to set the Russian revolutions in the entire history of European revolutions beginning with the revolution of 1768 in Geneva, Switzerland and finishing with the Russian Revolution of 1917-1922. […]

Tony Rocchi08.05.2024

Just how unique were the Russian Revolutions of 1905-1907 and 1917-1922? Both revolutions had their elements of uniqueness, but you can determine their uniqueness only by setting these revolutions in the entire history of European revolutions beginning with the revolution of 1768 in Geneva, Switzerland and finishing with the Russian Revolution of 1917-1922. This means […]

Tony Rocchi11.04.2024

The far-right Black Hundreds movement had its biggest mass appeal in the borderlands of the Russian Empire, rather than in the core ethnic Russian regions in the empire. Thousands of people in the nine Western Provinces, a transitional zone between the traditional Russian and Polish states, enthusiastically accepted the Black Hundreds message of <<Russia for […]

Tony Rocchi27.02.2024

Patriot-Meting-of-Black-Hundreds-Oct.18-1905.jpg

Far-right political terrorism occupies a virtually minimal place in the history of political terrorism in the Russian Empire between 1901-1911. The overwhelming majority of the 17,000 people killed or wounded in terrorist attacks were victims of left-wing terrorist groups. However, terrorism and other acts of violence committed by the Black Hundreds [черносотенцы] — members of […]

Tony Rocchi23.01.2024

Historians generally agree that the People’s Will [Народная Воля] suffered a major defeat because it did not overthrow the government after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II on March 1, 1881. At best, the assassination was a Pyrrhic victory because the successful assassination was accomplished at too great a cost for the People’s Will. The […]

Tony Rocchi08.01.2024

One of the darkest chapters in the history of the People’s Will [Народная Воля] was how some narodovol’tsy supported a wave of anti-Jewish pogroms [погромы] in 1881-1882 in the southern and southwestern provinces, now forming part of Ukraine. A pogrom is a mob attack direct against certain categories of people, considered evil alien elements by […]

European Elections and Far-Right Parties: Has Fascism Returned to Europe?

Terror and Violence in the French Revolution

More Risks in Comparing European Revolutions

The French Revolution and its Legacy in France Today

Russian and European Revolutions: More Risky Comparisons

Russian and European Revolutions: the Risk of Making False Comparisons

The Stronghold of the Black Hundreds in the Russian Empire

Revolution from the Right: Russia’s Black Hundreds

The People’s Will: Victory or Defeat?

The People’s Will and Russia’s Jews

Why Was There No Counter-Revolution in Russia in 1917?

What Was Seized from John Bolton During the Search

A Liberal Approach to Economic Sovereignty

AI is Our Real Future